The transistor works like a switch that can be used to close the circuit for a motor that is connected directly to the power supply. The advantage of this configuration is that a low current signal from the Arduino can be used to turn the transistor on and off. When a voltage is applied to the base, the transistor turns on and current flows. The base pin is used to control the transistor. When the transistor is turned "on", the switch is closed and current flows from the collector to the emitter. When the transistor is "off", the switch is open and current is not allowed to flow from the collector to the emitter. Imagine that there is a switch between the collector and the emitter. Without going into too much depth on the nuances of semiconductors and quantum physics, here is a brief overview of how the NPN transistor functions. When looking at the schematic diagram for a transistor, the base is always in the middle the emitter has an arrow pointing away (NPN transistors only), and the collector is the final un-marked pin. Hold the transistor so that the pins are facing down and the flat edge faces to the left, the pins are in the same order as in the diagram above: Collector (top), Base (middle), and Emitter (bottom). There is one side that is curved and one side that is flat. If you look at the top of a transistor, you'll notice that it has a shape of a capital letter D. The pin labeling and orientation is the same for both the 2N2222 and the BC337.
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